See the question on our "Ask the Expert" question-and-answer list on cellular towers under nonionizing radiation for a discussion of RF safety issues associated with cellular radios. The technology underlying cellular radios and base station antennas is similar around the world, but there are differences in systems design and RF safety limits in different countries. For a summary of cellular radio RF safety issues with attention to international differences see the excellent Web page, Cellular Phone Antennas (Base Stations) and Human Health, by John E. Molder, Ph.D., from the Medical College of Wisconsin. Gary H. Zeman Sc.D., CHP

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I LIVE IN ITALY AND WISH TO KNOW MORE ABOUT RADIATIONS CAUSED FROM MOBILE TELEPHONES. TELECOM WOULD LIKE PLACE A WIRE-ANTENNA THE HEARTH OF MY TOWN, I'M AFRAID IT. WHICH KIND RISK HEALTH COULD IT CAUSE? THANK YOU IF WILL SEND ME SOME INFORMATION SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES THIS PROBLEM!

The best single reference is the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Website. Look for:
Bulletin 56, "Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields,"

Bulletin 65, "Evaluating Compliance With FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields,"

"A Local Government Official's Guide to Transmitting Antenna RF Emission Safety: Rules, Procedures, and Practical Guidance."
An excellent technical paper with field measurements of cell-tower emissions was published by R.C. Petersen and P.A. Testagrossa in the journal Bioelectromagnetics, volume 13, page 527ff, 1992. If you need onsite technical support and services there are various consultants available, such as Richard Tell Associates, Inc. Gary Zeman, ScD, CHP Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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I NEED HELP IN GATHERING PUBLISHED INFORMATION ABOUT THE RISKS POSED BY CELL TOWERS PLACED ON SCHOOL GROUNDS. THERE WHICH WOULD ENABLE ME TO GATHER/CALCULATE OR MEASURE RADIATION SPECIFIC SITE?

You will have to contact the cell phone company that operates that particular antenna to obtain the radiation pattern (or emission pattern) of that particular type of antenna. Different models of antennae have different emission patterns to provide coverage of different size and shape geographical areas. For example, many of the antennae are directional, only broadcasting in the forward direction. Most emit very little radiation in the upward and downward directions, although the vertical extent of the beam can be quite different for different antennas. Some are strongly focussed on the horizon, others provide better coverage of nearby areas. Many antennae only broadcasting into a defined geometrical sector of the horizion, often 120 degrees so that three sets of antennae are required to cover the entire horizon. Therefore, to find the type of radiation pattern broadcast by any particular antenna will require local information from the equipment operator. Gary Zeman, ScD

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THERE´S A CELLULAR PHONE ANTENNA ON THE ROOF OF BUILDING RIGHT OPPOSITE MY WINDOW, LEVEL ABOUT TEN METERS ABOVE HEAD. AM I LIKELY TO BE IN RADIUS RADIATION?

The connections between the driver and the breakout board(USB/Parallel)22-24 AWG wire is preference also going from the potentiometer going to LSPS(laser power supply) , now going from the power supply to the drivers/laser power supply 16-18 AWG wire is our preference.

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I'm about to order your laser cutter , item 279 and a little confused.. in your faq it states you need wire and connectors for assembly, can you be specific on amount and guage of wire or tell me where to find that information?

There are two things to consider when using two stepping motors on a single axis. Since you want both motors to spin at the same rate and possibly in the same direction, you need to connect both motor drivers to the same breakout board pins. For example, if you want two motors on the x-axis and the x-axis pins on the breakout board are #2 for step and #3 for direction, the #2 will connect to the step (cp) terminal on each driver and the #3 will connect to the dir (cw) terminal on each driver.

However, if the motors will be opposing (one motor will need to spin in the other direction), you will need to consider either flipping the rack on one side, or adding a circuit to invert the direction (#3) signal going to that driver.

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I'm planning a rack and pinion style gantry, and need clarification on how to slave a second stepper to the Y (or X). Can you direct me to that information for your products?

You can find wiring diagrams and illustrations for the spindle on this page: https://buildyourcnc.com/item/spindle-inverter-2!2kw-spindle-novfd

This information pertains to the 2.2 kW spindle; however, the wiring is the same for the other spindles as well.

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I am missing the wiring information for the 1.5kw spindle, my electrician says I need documentation for the 4 prong connector into the VFD

Yes, if you need a replacement part on your machine please call us at 281-815-7701.

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I have a blacktooth laser engraver. The Y Axis stepper motor needs to be replaced. Can you please provide me with the information I would need to replace this motor.

The details will differ depending on the type of lead screw you use.

For allthread lead screws, you will need the 1/2" square nut, 1/2" allthread lead screw, two 1/4" screws and nuts to hold the square nut in place, two 1/2" ID bearings, two standard 1/2" nuts, and one coupling hub.

Attach the square nut to the nut support using the two 1/4" screw and nuts. The bearings will need to be inserted into the seats of the lower and upper part of the z-axis. Insert the lead screw through the top bearing. Use one of the standard 1/2" nuts and start threading it on the allthread screw just below the bearing. Lower the lead screw to the square nut and start to screw the lead screw into the square nut. Continue until the screw is near the lower bearing. Add another standard 1/2" nut to the screw and keep turning the screw until the screw just passes the lower bearing. Add the coupling hub to the top of the screw just above the upper bearing. Turn the lower and upper standard 1/2" nuts until they are snug against the bearing. If the standard 1/2" nuts become loosened, consider adding another nut to each end against the existing nut to keep them in place.

For 1/2" acme 5 start lead screws, you will need to use an antibacklash nut in place of the square nut. This nut attaches with a flange using two #8 screws and nuts. The standard 1/2" nuts are replaced by clamping collars.

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I couldn't find any information about how to mount the "z-axis lead screw in the book" (Build Your Own CNC)

We carry several sizes of lead screw and stepper motors on our website, for example here https://buildyourcnc.com/Item/mechanical-leadscrews-lead-screw-!5-5-starts-10-tpi and here https://buildyourcnc.com/ProductSearchResults.aspx. Please call us at 281-815-7701 to discuss the particular lengths you would need and shipping options.

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I have a project very similar to cnc machine. I need 3 lead screws of 1.8 m with all set (supports, bearings...etc). and 3 NEMA 42 motors that I can connect with. if those are available, I need the information about shipping to Oman or UAE.

Our spindles have a runout of less than .0001 in, which includes that collets that we sell. If you use a collet from another manufacturer, we cannot guarantee this TIR (Total Indicated Runout) dimension.

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Hi, I'm interested in the 1.5 kW (kilowatt) Water Cooled Spindle with Inverter (VFD), I would like to know about the run out of this spindle?

There are a number of opportunistic gadgets on the market to allegedly protect the user from hazards of cellular phones. You can search the Internet to find the latest, ranging from antenna shields to whole-body shielding materials. Most experts believe that these devices take advantage of customers' misunderstanding and unfounded fears to sell products with no real value. First of all, cell phones that operate within the guidelines established by national and international safety panels have never been shown to pose a health risk to the user (see answers to other questions on cell phone safety on this website). Secondly, placing any kind of shield over the antenna of a cell phone will in most cases cause it to increase its RF output as it attempts to compensate for signal loss in the shield and maintain a quality phone call. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration published an advisory on cell phones several years ago that said if you are concerned about risks of using a cell phone, then simply use it less. That is still good advice today. Gary Zeman, ScD, CHP Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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ARE THERE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC THAT CAN BE PURCHASED PROTECT CELLULAR OR PORTABLE TELEPHONE USERS FROM RADIATION? IF SO, WHERE THESE FOUND?

You can find the wiring diagram for the Mach3 USB card on its product page here:
https://www.buildyourcnc.com/item/electronicsAndMotors-electronic-component-breakout-Mach3-USB-Board

Here is a direct link to the diagram:
https://www.buildyourcnc.com/Documents/Electric%20Wiring%20Diagram.pdf

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I need wiring diagram for motor to driver to usb motion card. I cannot find diagram. I have been unable to get information for a week.

Dealing with your CNC upgrade we will need a good detail on exactly what you plan on keeping and reusing, all technical information about the parts that you keep will make our recommendations more precise for your application.

Please email customerservice@buildyourcnc.com for any quote related questions.

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I am upgrading a CNC with 3 stepping motors, and its all I want to keep. What technical information do you need in order to receive a quotation from you with the new items I need to buy from you?

Headsets have been tested by the manufacturers and meet the current ANSI/IEEE standards for RF safety, the same standards that the Federal Communications Commission enforces under the Telecommunications Act of 1996. These standards place limits on the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiofrequency (RF) energy in the body. Recent inflamatory articles in British press were not substantiated by testing in ISO-accredited testing facilities at Motorola. Manufacturers of cellular phones are required under FCC regulations to assure that their products meet the SAR limits on both hand-held and hands-free units. Further information may be available from the FDA or from the FCC. Ron Petersen, Lucent C.K. Chou, Motorola

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HAVE THERE BEEN ANY STUDIES OF POSSIBLE RADIATION DANGER FROM HEADSETS USED WITH HANDSETS CORDED TELEPHONES? I A TELEPHONE BATTERY-POWERED HANDSET. THIS HANDSET HAS JACK FOR HEADSET, SO YOU CAN WALK AROUND THE HOUSE AND YARD ON YOUR BELT WHILE TALK INTO HEADSET. EITHER OR HEADSET GIVING OFF RADIATION, LIKE CELLULAR PHONE? DANGEROUS AMOUNT RADIATION?

Yes, absolutely. If you need two motors for a single axis, you will want to use the same terminals for pulse and direction from the breakout board.

More specifically, you will wire the step/pulse pin to both drivers, and the direction pin to both drivers. If the motors need to turn in different directions, simply swap the A and B coil connections on one of the motors.

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i have checked the cnc machine for any flex and there is none but i still cannot cut circles they end up square.have checked calibration and it is correct but if i run at 4000 mm feed all comes out correct but if i change feed to say 2000 mm it makes the part small, like in tiny.

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I'm going to use 2 stepper motors for my X-axis. Can I use the same connections on the B/O board to do this knowing I will need 2 separate driver boards.

If you are using a router that will not fit into the router mount, it is best to have the mount requested from us. The mounts were designed with the appropriate thickness of material for structural purposes and to maintain this structure under load.

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Can I make the whole for the router larger? This is for a blacktoe and the whole is about 1/4 inch in diameter too small.

Generally, you’ll need to check what control software will need to be used with the CNC router. Our machines use industry standard electronics and control software that is nonproprietary so you can use just about any software out there with our machines.

Specifically, what software are you planning on using?

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dear Sir,
I'm searching for the best one,I think that I have to learn more about that in order to be able to make the right decision.

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If you are using a computer running Microsoft Windows, then I would recommend using Mach3 or Mach4. If you prefer Linux, then LinuxCNC is the best control software in my opinion.

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I'm searching for a desktop cnc, could you tell me please if any software I may choose could be compatible with all desktop cnc machine or I have to check the compatibility before ?

The settings that will have to be change will be your steps per inch in motor tuning (mach 3), or settings/axes(planetCNC). But we do not have the actual numbers/specs that will fit your 10 TPI 5 start lead screw, here is a tutorial video which explains how to get the exact numbers you need! (

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On the Book Build: I'm changing the 13TPI 1/2" lead screw with the 1/2" 10 TPI Acme screw with the anti backlash nut. This is for the Z axis only. What should I know about installing it and what are the numbers I need to plug into the motor tuning area.

To connect the parallel port breakout board to the LEDs, use step number 18. The connections are listed at the bottom. Here it is for your convenience.

For the LED connections on the parallel breakout board:

- The x axis LED will be connected to pin #2 and 5V
- The y axis LED will be connected to pin #4 and 5V
- The laser on/off LED is connected to pin #6 and 5V

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I can't find any information in the BlackTooth instructions about how to connect the 8 wires from the LED display to the parallel breakout board. The two going to the pot seem, in the illustration, to be soldered together and to the centre terminal of the pot? Help, please.